The Role of Business Environment and Digital Government in Mitigating Supply Chain Vulnerability - Evidence from the COVID-19 Shock

In recent years, the continuous spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has impacted the supply chain of enterprises. Mitigating the supply chain's vulnerability has great significance for the survival and development of enterprises. Optimizing the business environment and building a digital government will help improve the external environment for enterprise development. However, its impact on the vulnerability of the enterprise supply chain has yet to be studied. Taking the impact of COVID-19 as an example, this paper uses the survey data of nearly 40,000 enterprises of the National Federation of Industry and Commerce in 2020 and '10,000 private enterprises evaluating the business environment';, to conduct systematic empirical research and fill the research gap in this area. The study indicates that the business environment and digital government can significantly mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the supply chain. This conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. Mechanism analysis demonstrates that the business environment and digital government can prompt the government to introduce effective mitigation measures promptly, better guarantee production factors and logistics, and thus improve the vulnerability of the enterprise supply chain. This study deepens our understanding of the economic outcome of the business environment and digital government and also sheds new light on supply chain management.

Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Potential Therapeutic Targets of Paxlovid Against LUAD/COVID-19.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a pandemic in many countries around the world. The virus is highly contagious and has a high fatality rate. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients may have higher susceptibility and mortality to COVID-19. While Paxlovid is the first oral drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, its specific drug mechanism for lung cancer patients infected with COVID-19 remains to be further studied. Methods: COVID-19 related genes were obtained from NCBI, GeneCards, and KEGG, and then the transcriptome data for LUAD was downloaded from TCGA. The drug targets of Paxlovid were revealed through BATMAN-TCM, DrugBank, SwissTargetPrediction, and TargetNet. The genes related to susceptibility to COVID-19 in LUAD patients were obtained through differential analysis. The interaction of LUAD/COVID-19 related genes was evaluated and displayed by STRING, and a COX risk regression model was established to screen and evaluate the correlation between genes and clinical characteristics. The Venn diagram was drawn to select the candidate targets of Paxlovid against LUAD/COVID-19, and the functional analysis of the target genes was performed using KEGG and GO enrichment analysis. Finally, Cytoscape was used to screen and visualize the Hub Gene, and Autodock was used for molecular docking between the drug and the target. Result: Bioinformatics analysis was performed by combining COVID-19-related genes with the gene expression and clinical data of LUAD, including analysis of prognosis-related genes, survival rate, and hub genes screened out by the prognosis model. The key targets of Paxlovid against LUAD/COVID-19 were obtained through network pharmacology, the most important targets include IL6, IL12B, LBP. Furthermore, pathway analysis showed that Paxlovid modulates the IL-17 signaling pathway, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, during LUAD/COVID-19 treatment. Conclusions: Based on bioinformatics and network pharmacology, the prognostic signature of LUAD/COVID-19 patients was screened. And identified the potential therapeutic targets and molecular pathways of Paxlovid Paxlovid in the treatment of LUAD/COVID. As promising features, prognostic signatures and therapeutic targets shed light on improving the personalized management of patients with LUAD.

Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Potential Therapeutic Targets of Paxlovid Against LUAD/COVID-19

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a pandemic in many countries around the world. The virus is highly contagious and has a high fatality rate. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients may have higher susceptibility and mortality to COVID-19. While Paxlovid is the first oral drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, its specific drug mechanism for lung cancer patients infected with COVID-19 remains to be further studied. Methods COVID-19 related genes were obtained from NCBI, GeneCards, and KEGG, and then the transcriptome data for LUAD was downloaded from TCGA. The drug targets of Paxlovid were revealed through BATMAN-TCM, DrugBank, SwissTargetPrediction, and TargetNet. The genes related to susceptibility to COVID-19 in LUAD patients were obtained through differential analysis. The interaction of LUAD/COVID-19 related genes was evaluated and displayed by STRING, and a COX risk regression model was established to screen and evaluate the correlation between genes and clinical characteristics. The Venn diagram was drawn to select the candidate targets of Paxlovid against LUAD/COVID-19, and the functional analysis of the target genes was performed using KEGG and GO enrichment analysis. Finally, Cytoscape was used to screen and visualize the Hub Gene, and Autodock was used for molecular docking between the drug and the target. Result Bioinformatics analysis was performed by combining COVID-19-related genes with the gene expression and clinical data of LUAD, including analysis of prognosis-related genes, survival rate, and hub genes screened out by the prognosis model. The key targets of Paxlovid against LUAD/COVID-19 were obtained through network pharmacology, the most important targets include IL6, IL12B, LBP. Furthermore, pathway analysis showed that Paxlovid modulates the IL-17 signaling pathway, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, during LUAD/COVID-19 treatment. Conclusions Based on bioinformatics and network pharmacology, the prognostic signature of LUAD/COVID-19 patients was screened. And identified the potential therapeutic targets and molecular pathways of Paxlovid Paxlovid in the treatment of LUAD/COVID. As promising features, prognostic signatures and therapeutic targets shed light on improving the personalized management of patients with LUAD.

Cellular Deubiquitylating Enzyme: A Regulatory Factor of Antiviral Innate Immunity.

Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that crack the ubiquitin code from ubiquitylated substrates to reverse the fate of substrate proteins. Recently, DUBs have been found to mediate various cellular biological functions, including antiviral innate immune response mediated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and NLR Family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. So far, many DUBs have been identified to exert a distinct function in fine-tuning antiviral innate immunity and are utilized by viruses for immune evasion. Here, the recent advances in the regulation of antiviral responses by DUBs are reviewed. We also discussed the DUBs-mediated interaction between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and antiviral innate immunity. The understanding of the mechanisms on antiviral innate immunity regulated by DUBs may provide therapeutic opportunities for viral infection.

Microneedle-Mediated Vaccination: Innovation and Translation.

Vaccine administration by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is the most commonly prescribed route for inoculation, however, it is often associated with some deficiencies such as low compliance, high professionalism, and risk of infection. Therefore, the application of microneedles for vaccine delivery has gained widespread interests in the past few years due to its high compliance, minimal invasiveness, and convenience. This review focuses on recent advances in the development and application of microneedles for vaccination based on different delivery strategies, and introduces the current status of microneedle-mediated vaccination in clinical translation. The prospects for its application including opportunities and challenges are further discussed.

Development of a virtual anatomy lab (VanVR App) for implementation during the Covid19 pandemic to ensure 3D learning with scanned prosections

Many anatomy curricula rely on access to gross anatomy labs so that students can engage in experiential learning with donated human bodies. Without access to an anatomy lab, learning is limited to study with 2D print or online materials and 3D models ? both physical and virtual. When the restrictions due to the Covid19 pandemic were put into place and it became clear that learning would not occur on campus and in our labs, we wanted to ensure that the students still had access to 3-dimensional learning from prosections. We built on our experience in 3D photogrammetry and 3D scanning and integrated these specimens into a custom-built 3D virtual anatomy lab environment. The aim of the design was to create a sense of space and professionalism in the virtual experience. The VanVR application was created using Unity Engine and WebGL with 3D scanning/photogrammetry, and programmed for use on desktop browsers to increase accessibility. The goal of this application is not only to show 3D specimens, but also create an anatomy one-stop teaching and study tool that includes related reference material for each specimen, such labelled images, videos, web modules, etc. Within this virtual space, students can rotate, zoom and compare specimens, which would be difficult to do during an in-person anatomy class. The VanVR app has been the main anatomy teaching tool at the University of British Columbia during the pandemic lockdown. Once in-person teaching resumes, this app will be available as a reference tool for study and review. Feedback from the students about their learning experience has been positive and the VanVR app proved to be a good approach to anatomy education for remote and online learning.